Plant Coverage
60-70% of pond surface covered by plants (lily pads, water hyacinth, frogbit). Shade prevents algae blooms in strong sun.
Submerged oxygenators: hornwort, anacharis. Marginal plants: papyrus, iris, pickerel rush.
Fish Stocking
1 goldfish or koi per 400L pond. Overstocking crashes oxygen. Shubunkin, comet, and small koi are tropical-friendly.
Mosquitofish and guppies help control mosquito larvae. They breed prolifically but won't overpopulate if pond has predators.
Filtration System
Pond filter rated 2-3x pond volume. UV sterilizer for green water. Waterfall or fountain for aeration.
Natural biological filter (plant roots + gravel) can replace mechanical filter in heavily planted ponds.
Seasonal Balance
Dry season: increase water changes and aeration. Rainy season: monitor water level, remove excess plants.
Weekly 10% water change keeps pond fresh. Full clean once yearly during cool season.